All India Proficiency Oxyopia (AIPO) Syllabus CLASS 8

INTRA SCHOOL ROUND (First Round)

 MATHEMATICS

 NUMBER SYSTEMS

  1. Knowing our Numbers: Integers
  • Multiplication and division of integers (through patterns). Division by zero is meaningless
  • Properties of integers (including identities for addition & multiplication, commutative, associative, distributive) (through patterns).These would include examples from whole numbers as well. Involve expressing commutative and associative properties in a general form. Construction of counterexamples, including some by children. Counter examples like subtraction is not commutative.
  • Word problems including integers (all operations)
  1. Fractions and rational numbers:
  • Multiplication of fractions
  • Fraction as an operator
  • Reciprocal of a fraction
  • Division of fractions
  • Word problems involving mixed fractions
  • Introduction to rational numbers (with representation on number line)
  • Operations on rational numbers (all operations)
  • Representation of rational number as a decimal.
  • Word problems on rational numbers (all operations)
  • Multiplication and division of decimal fractions
  • Conversion of units (length & mass)
  • Word problems (including all operations)
  1. Powers:
  • Exponents only natural numbers.
  • Laws of exponents (through observing patterns to arrive at generalisation.)

ALGEBRA

  1. Algebraic Expressions
  • Generate algebraic expressions (simple) involving one or two variables
  • Identifying constants, coefficient, powers
  • Like and unlike terms, degree of expressions e.g., x2y etc. (exponent ≤ 3, number of variables )
  • Addition, subtraction of algebraic expressions (coefficients should be integers).
  • • Simple linear equations in one variable (in contextual problems) with two operations (avoid complicated coefficients)
  1. RATIO AND PROPORTION
  • Ratio and proportion (revision)
  • Unitary method continued, consolidation, general expression.
  • Percentage- an introduction.
  • Understanding percentage as a fraction with denominator 100
  • Converting fractions and decimals into percentage and vice-versa.
  • Application to profit and loss (single transaction only)
  • Application to simple interest (time period in complete years).

GEOMETRY

  1. Understanding shapes:
  • Pairs of angles (linear, supplementary, complementary, adjacent, vertically opposite) (verification and simple proof of vertically opposite angles)
  • Properties of parallel lines with transversal (alternate,corresponding, interior, exterior angles)
  1. Properties of triangles:
  • Angle sum property (with notions of proof & verification through paper folding, proofs using property of parallel lines, difference between proof and verification.)
  • Exterior angle property
  • Sum of two sides of a it’s third side
  • Pythagoras Theorem (Verification only)
  1. Symmetry:
  • Recalling reflection symmetry
  • Idea of rotational symmetry, observations of rotational symmetry of 2-D objects. (90o, 120o, 180o)
  • Operation of rotation through 90o and 180o of simple figures.
  • Examples of figures with both rotation and reflection symmetry (both operations)
  • Examples of figures that have reflection and rotation symmetry and vice-versa
  1. Representing 3-D in 2-D:
  • Drawing 3-D figures in 2-D showing hidden faces.
  • Identification and counting of vertices, edges, faces, nets (for cubes cuboids, and cylinders, cones).
  • Matching pictures with objects (Identifying names)
  • Mapping the space around approximately through visual estimation.
  1. Congruence:
  • Congruence through superposition (examplesblades, stamps, etc.)
  • Extend congruence to simple geometrical shapes e.g. triangles, circles.
  • Criteria of congruence (by verification) SSS, SAS, ASA, RHS
  1. Construction (Using scale, protractor, compass):
  • Construction of a line parallel to a given line from a point outside it.(Simple proof as remark with the reasoning of alternate angles)
  • Construction of simple triangles. Like given three sides, given a side and two angles on it, given two sides and the angle between them.

MENSURATION

  • Revision of perimeter, Idea of , Circumference of Circle Area Concept of measurement using a basic unit area of a square, rectangle, triangle, parallelogram and circle, area between two rectangles and two concentric circles.

DATA HANDLING

  • Collection and organisation of data – choosing the data to collect for a hypothesis testing.
  • Mean, median and mode of ungrouped data – understanding what they represent.
  • Constructing bargraphs
  • Feel of probability using data through experiments. Notion of chance in events like tossing coins, dice etc. Tabulating and counting occurrences of 1 through 6 in a number of throws. Comparing the observation with that for a coin.Observing strings of throws, notion of randomness.

SCIENCE

FOOD

Autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition; parasites, saprophytes; photosynthesis.

UTILISATION OF FOOD

Types of nutrition, nutrition in amoeba and human beings, Digestive system – human, ruminants; types of teeth; link with transport and respiration.

MATERIALS OF DAILY USE

Wool, silk – animal fibres. Process of extraction of silk; associated health problems. Heat flow; temperature.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF MATERIAL

Classification of substances into acidic, basic and neutral; indicators.

HOW THINGS CHANGE

Chemical substances; in a chemical reaction a new substance is formed. Substances can be separated by crystallisation.

THE WORLD OF LIVING

Climate, soil types, soil profile, absorption of water in soil, suitability for crops, adaptation of animals to different climates.

THE BREATH OF LIFE

Respiration in plants and animals.

MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCE

Herbs, shrubs, trees; Transport of food and water in plants; circulatory and excretion system in animals; sweating.

MULTIPLICATION IN PLANTS

Vegetative, asexual and sexual reproduction in plants, pollination – cross, self pollination; pollinators, fertilisation, fruit, seed.

MOVING THINGS, PEOPLE & IDEAS

Appreciation of idea of time and need to measure it. Measurement of time using periodic events. Idea of speed of moving objects – slow and fast motion along a straight line.

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUITS

Electric circuit symbols for different elements of circuit. Heating effect of current. Principle of fuse. A current-carrying wire has an effect on a magnet. A current-carrying coil behaves like a magnet. Working of an electric bell.

RAIN, THUNDER AND LIGHTNING

High-speed winds and heavy rainfall have disastrous consequences for human and other life.

LIGHT

Rectilinear propagation of light. Reflection, certain surfaces reflect light. Real and virtual images. White light is composed of many colours.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Water exists in various forms in nature. Scarcity of water and its effect on life.

FOREST PRODUCT

Interdependence of plants and animals in forests. Forests contribute to purification of air and water.

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Sewage; need for drainage/sewer systems that are closed.

INTER SCHOOL ROUND (Second Round)

 NUMBER SYSTEM

(i) Rational Numbers:

Properties of rational numbers.(including identities). Usinggeneral form of expression to describe properties. Consolidation of operations on rational numbers. Representation of rational numbers on the number line between any two rational numbers there lies another rational number (Making children see that if we take two rational numbers then unlike for whole numbers, in this case you can keep finding more and more numbers that lie between them.) Word problem (higher logic, two operations, including ideas like area)

(ii) Power

Integers as exponents. Laws of exponents with integral powers

(iii) Squares, Square Roots

Square and Square roots. Square roots using factor method and division method for numbers containing (a) no more than total 4 digits and (b) no more than 2 decimal places

(iii) Cubes, Cube roots.

Cubes and cubes roots (only factor method for numbers containing at most 3 digits), Estimating square roots and cube roots. Learning the process of moving nearer to the required number.

(iv) Playing with numbers

Writing and understanding a 2 and 3 digit number in generalized form (100a + 10b + c , where a, b, c can be only digit 0-9) and engaging with various puzzles concerning this. (Like finding the missing numerals represented by alphabets in sums involving any of the four operations.) Children to solve and create problems and puzzles. Number puzzles and games. Deducing the divisibility test rules of 2, 3, 5, 9, 10 for a two or three-digit number expressed in the general form.

ALGEBRA

(i) Algebraic Expressions

Multiplication and division of algebraic exp.(Coefficient should be integers), Some common errors (e.g. 2 + x ≠ 2x, 7x + y ≠ 7xy ), Identities (a ± b)2 = a2 ± 2ab + b2, a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b) Factorisation (simple cases only) as examples the following types a(x + y), (x ± y)2, a2 – b2, (x + a).(x + b), Solving linear equations in one variable in contextual problems involving multiplication and division (word problems) (avoid complex coefficient in the equations)

RATIO AND PROPORTION

Slightly advanced problems involving applications on percentages, profit & loss, overhead expenses, Discount, tax. Difference between simple and compound interest (compounded yearly up to 3 years or half-yearly up to 3 steps only), Arriving at the formula for compound interest through patterns and using it for simple problems. Direct variation – Simple and direct word problems, Inverse variation – Simple and direct word problems, Time & amp; work problems– Simple and direct word problems

GEOMETRY

(i) Understanding shapes:

Properties of quadrilaterals – Sum of angles of a quadrilateral is equal to 360o (By verification)

Properties of parallelogram (By verification)

  • Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal,
  • Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal,
  • Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. [Why (iv), (v) and (vi) follow from (ii)]
  • Diagonals of a rectangle areequal and bisect each other.
  • Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
  • Diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.

(ii) Representing 3-D in 2-D

Identify and Match pictures with objects [more complicated e.g. nested, joint 2-D and 3-D shapes (not more than 2)]. Drawing 2-D representation of 3-D objects (Continued and extended). Counting vertices, edges & faces & verifying Euler’s relation for 3-D figures with flat faces (cubes, cuboids, tetrahedrons, prisms and pyramids)

(iii) Construction:

Construction of Quadrilaterals: Given four sides and one diagonal, Three sides and two diagonals, Three sides and two included angles, Two adjacent sides and three angles

MENSURATION

Area of a trapezium and a polygon. Concept of volume, measurement of volume using a basic unit, volume of a cube, cuboid and cylinder, Volume and capacity (measurement of capacity) Surface area of a cube, cuboid, cylinder.

DATA HANDLING

Reading bar-graphs, ungrouped data, arranging it into groups, representation of grouped data through bar-graphs, constructing and interpreting bar-graphs. Simple Pie charts with reasonable data numbers, Consolidating and generalising the notion of chance in events like tossing coins, dice etc. Relating it to chance in life events. Visual representation of frequency outcomes of repeated throws of the same kind of coins or dice. Throwing a large number of identical dice/coins together and aggregating the result of the throws to get large number of individual events. Observing the aggregating numbers over a large number of repeated events. Comparing with the data for a coin. Observing strings of throws, notion of randomness

INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHS

Preliminaries:

Axes (Same units), Cartesian Plane, Plotting points for different kind of situations (perimeter vs length for squares, area as a function of side of a square, plotting of multiples of different numbers, simple interest vs number of years etc.), Reading off from the graphs, Reading of linear graphs, Reading of distance vs time graph

SCIENCE

CROP PRODUCTION:

Soil preparation, selection of seeds, sowing, applying fertilizers, irrigation, weeding, harvesting and storage; nitrogen fixation, nitrogen cycle.

 MICRO ORGANISMS

Useful and harmful.

MATERIALS IN DAILY LIFE

Synthetic clothing materials. Other synthetic materials, especially plastics; usefulness of plastics and problems associated with their excessive use. There are a variety of fibrous materials in use. A material is chosen based on desired property.

METALS AND NON-METALS.

HOW THINGS CHANGE

Combustion, flame All fuels release heat on burning. Fuels differ in efficiency, cost etc. Natural resources are limited. Burning of fuels leads to harmful by products.

THE WORLD OF LIVING

Conservation of biodiversity/wild life/ plants; zoos, sanctuaries, forest reserves etc. flora, fauna endangered species, red data book; endemic species, migration.

THE CELL

Cell structure, plant and animal cells, use of stain to observe, cell organelles – nucleus, vacuole, chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall.

REPRODUCTION

Sexual reproduction and endocrine system in animals, secondary sexual characters, reproductive health; internal and external fertilisation.

IDEA OF FORCE

push or pull; change in speed, direction of moving objects and shape of objects by applying force; contact and non-contact forces.

FRICTION

factors affecting friction, sliding and rolling friction, moving; advantages and disadvantages of friction for the movement of automobiles, airplanes and boats/ships; increasing and reducing friction.

PRESSURE

Pressure exerted by air/liquid; atmospheric pressure.

SOUND

Various types of sound; sources of sound; vibration as a cause of sound; frequency; medium for propagation of sound; idea of noise as unpleasant and unwanted sound and need to minimise noise.

ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUITS

Water conducts electricity depending on presence/ absence of salt in it. Other liquids may or may not conduct electricity.
Chemical effects of current.
Basic idea of electroplating.

NATURAL PHENOMENA

Clouds carry electric charge. Positive and negative charges, attraction and repulsion. Principle of lightning conductor.

LIGHT

Laws of reflection, Characteristics of image formed with a plane mirror,
Regular and diffused reflection. Reflection of light from an object to the eye,
Multiple reflection, Dispersion of light, Structure of the eye, Lens becomes opaque, light not reaching the eye, Visually challenged use other senses to make sense of the world around, Alternative technology available, Role of nutrition in relation to blindness.

NIGHT SKY

Idea about heavenly bodies/celestial objects and their classification – moon, planets, stars, constellations. Motion of celestial objects in space; the solar system.

EARTHQUAKES

Phenomena related to earthquakes.

NATURAL RESOURCES

Consequences of deforestation: scarcity of products for humans and other living beings, change in physical properties of soil, reduced rainfall, Reforestation; recycling of paper, Formation of coal and petroleum in nature, Consequences of over extraction of coal and petroleum.

POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER

Water and air are increasingly getting polluted and therefore become scarce for use. Biological and chemical contamination of water; effect of impure water on soil and living beings; effect of soil containing excess of fertilisers and insecticides on water resources. Potable water.